A variety of physical variables can be measured
using sensors, e.g., light using photo-resistor, level and displacement using
potentiometer, direction/tilt using magnetic sensor, sound using microphone,
stress and pressure using strain gauge, touch using micro-switch, temperature
using thermistor, and humidity using conductivity sensor
DC servomotor, stepper motor, relay, solenoid,
speaker, light emitting diode (LED), shape memory alloy, electromagnet, and
pump apply commanded action on the physical process
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